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Physical Geography
is dedicated to the dissemination of significant research articles in
geomorphology, climatology, biogeography, and related sciences. Review articles,
methodology and discussion papers may be considered by prior arrangement with
the Editor-in-Chief. All articles should be original, relevant, timely, well
organized, and written in clear, concise English. Manuscripts submitted
electronically in PDF format to the appropriate Editor for Geomorphology,
Climatology, or Biogeography, or to the Editor-in-Chief, are preferred, but one
paper copy of the paper, including figures and tables, should also be submitted
by express mail. Manuscripts that do not
conform to the instructions listed below will be returned to the authors. A revised paper that has been accepted in principle
should have text, tables, and figures submitted electronically. Text and tables
for publication should be submitted in either ASCII, Corel WordPerfect, or Microsoft Word
formats. Please see the Illustrations section for graphics submission
guidelines. All manuscripts will be reviewed by at least two referees.
Form and style .
Manuscripts should be typed, double-spaced, on one side of 22 x 28 cm (8.5 x 11
in.) paper with 2.5-cm (1-in.) margins. Ideally, articles should approximate
5000 words, or 20 double-spaced typewritten pages, including tables, figures,
and references. Longer articles will be considered but these should never exceed
10,000 words. Methodology and discussion papers should not exceed 3000 words.
All figures and tables should be pertinent to the text and should not duplicate
information. Each article should have a separate cover page showing the paper's
title (brief), author(s), affiliation(s), and address(es), including zip code or
postal district. All correspondence will be addressed to the first named author,
unless otherwise instructed.
Organization .
The manuscript should not employ more than three orders of headings in the
following sequence: (1) free-standing capitals, centered; (2) free-standing
upper and lower case italics, at margin; (3) lower case italics, indented in
line.
Abstract . A
brief, informative abstract of no more than 200 words should precede the body of
the manuscript. It should summarize the whole paper, not just the approach or
conclusions. The abstract should conclude with key words in brackets.
Units . The
metric system should be used throughout the text, tables, and figures. Use of
non-metric units will cause the manuscript to be returned to authors. English
equivalents may be given in parentheses if the original data were in English
units, but this is rarely necessary. When used in conjunction with numerals,
units should be abbreviated and unpunctuated (e.g., cm, g, %). Numbers less than
10,000 should be expressed without a comma (e.g., 3936). Those of greater value
should use commas to separate each triad of digits (e.g., 1,234,567). Decimal
values less than 1 should be preceded by 0 (e.g., 0.65).
Notations .
All notations should conform to international usage (e.g., 18O,
14C for chemical notation). Temperatures should be expressed in degrees
Centigrade (ºC, Celsius scale), with Fahrenheit equivalents in parentheses if
originally reported in such units (e.g., 20ºC (68ºF)). Mathematical symbols and
Greek letters should be defined as they appear in the text.
Dates and ages .
In most instances, recent historical dates are self evident from the context
(e.g., "Before 1955, . . .") but, where necessary for clarity, historical dates
should be expressed as years B.C. or A.D. (e.g., 1785 A.D., 1500 B.C.). Dates
less than 1 million years old should be written out (e.g., 125,000 yr). For
generalized ages, the terms "Ma" and "ka" may be used. Radiocarbon ages should
be expressed as 14C yr B.P. and include the standard error and laboratory number
(e.g., 13,320 ± 90 yr B.P. (Beta 36305)). Ages corrected for atmospheric
variations in radiocarbon may be reported in calendar years and the calibration
table or graph specified. Stratigraphic nomenclature should follow standard
usage (e.g., International Stratigraphic Guide, 2nd Ed., 1994).
References .
References to published literature should be cited in the text by the author's
surname and date (in parentheses), thus (Smith, 1990) at the end of the
sentence, or "Smith (1990) stated. . . ." References to more than two people
should be cited in the text by using the first author's surname followed by "et
al.," but all authors should be cited in the References. Suffixes should
distinguish between two or more works by the same author in the same year (e.g.,
Smith, 1990a, 1990b). A direct quotation should be page-referenced; a
paraphrased statement should not be page-referenced but the source should always
be cited. Personal communications should be cited in the text but not in the
References. All references should be reasonably accessible and may include
dissertations, theses, and articles in press; reference should not be made to
unpublished manuscripts, manuscripts in preparation, or manuscripts submitted.
The References should begin on a separate page following the text and all
references should be listed alphabetically by author's surname, as follows:
Articles.
Author(s) surname (comma), initials (period), publication year (in parentheses),
title of article with first word beginning with capitals, other words in lower
case (period), title of journal in full, italicized (or underlined) with major
words starting with capitals (comma), volume as Vol. with Arabic numerals
(comma), inclusive page numbers (period).
Books .
The procedure is the same as for articles, except that the book title should be
italicized (or underlined) with major words beginning with capitals (period),
followed by city and state/country of publication (colon), and publisher
(period).
Thus: Strahler, A. N. (1980) Systems theory in physical geography. Physical
Geography, Vol. 1, 1-27.
Barry, R. G. and Chorley, R. J. (1968) Atmosphere, Weather and Climate.
London, UK: Methuen.
Footnotes
should not be used.
Tables must
be typed double-spaced on a separate page, numbered consecutively, and titled at
top. All table columns should have explanatory headings. Tables should not
repeat data that are available elsewhere in the paper (e.g., in graphs).
Illustrations.
One set of all maps, diagrams, and photographs of professional quality must be
submitted at the size desired for reproduction in the journal. Copies of these
figures must accompany all copies of the manuscript. If one set of high quality
figures is not submitted at reproduction size, or if reduction to that size
results in illegibility, articles will not be reviewed or processed, but
returned to authors.
Figures embedded in a word processing file are not acceptable as an
electronic submission format. Place names, legend, and
scale should be in fine but legible sans-serif print at the reproduction scale. All scales should be in metric units.
All maps, diagrams, and photographs should be designated as Figures, cited
consecutively in the text, and prepared as follows:
Maps and diagrams.
All maps and diagrams are subject to the following specifications:
1. Figures should be submitted electronically.
As listed above, do not submit maps and diagrams embedded in a word processing
file and do not submit them as graphic images. Graphic image formats should only be used for photographs. File formats
are listed in order of preference. When
submitting electronic versions of figures, the following graphics file formats
are acceptable (as long as they are accessible in the PC domain):
(a) Drawing programs (preferred): Adobe Illustrator, Adobe Photoshop,
Macromedia Freehand, Corel Draw, and Corel Photopaint. Do not flatten or render
graphic or text layers. Pictures and images should not be inserted into one of
these drawing programs and submitted as drawing program files unless they are
part of a larger composite drawing.
(b) Visual presentation formats (do not work well in a professional publishing environment but can be utilized):
Microsoft Excel, Microsoft PowerPoint, Corel Quattro Pro, and Corel Presentations.
(c) Output formats: .pdf (Adobe Acrobat) and .eps (encapsulated postscript).
(d) Graphic Image formats
(listed in order of preference but are only used as a last resort and authors
should be aware they must be
modified to the exact standards of the journal): .tif or .tiff, .bmp, .pcx, .jpg
or .jpeg, and .gif.
2. Figures should be
created at scale. That is, they should be generated at the same
size they will appear in the journal.
(a) Horizontal (portrait) positioning is preferred and means
that the illustration is to be read in the same manner as the text. For a
full-page illustration, width is not to exceed 13 cm; maximum length is 20 cm
(about 5 x 8 in.) if figure caption is to occupy one line only. Smaller sizes are
encouraged. In measuring length, allow 0.3 cm for each additional line
of figure caption.
(b) Vertical (broadside or landscape) positioning is
acceptable but requires a 90º shift of the publication to be read and is
therefore discouraged. Such an illustration usually occupies a full page. For a
full-page illustration, the figure's short axis is not to exceed 13 cm, and
its long axis is to be 20 cm or less. Smaller sizes are encouraged. In
measuring the short axis, if figure caption is more than one line, allow 0.3 cm for each additional line.
3. Please do not include figure number, caption, or source
within the body of the figure.
(a) On the back of each map or diagram, write lightly in
pencil the figure number and manuscript author's last name.
(b) Type all figure captions (including source, if
applicable) on a separate page (double-spaced) and insert this page at the end
of the manuscript.
4. Dot matrix graphics cannot be accepted. When used as a
last resort, for graphics
generated on laser printers, 300 dots per inch is acceptable; however, 600 dpi
is preferred for sharper image quality.
5. For computer generated figures, hatch and other patterns
reproduce better than density grey tones; however, if grey tones are used,
select those that use fewer than 100 dpi.
6. On maps, figure-ground relationship can be enhanced by
applying a dot screen or stipple to water areas. Use italicized letters for
identifying water features.
7. Six-point type is the smallest that should be used on
at-scale figures; larger type is preferred.
Photographs.
Occasionally, black and white photographs are accepted provided they add to the
text and are not simply cosmetic; they must have excellent
contrast and exposure. Photographs should not exceed the
maximum specifications outlined above and will be printed only in horizontal
position. Photographs–like maps and diagrams–are referenced in text as
figures.
Submission of an article is understood to
imply that the article is original and unpublished and is not being currently
considered for publication elsewhere. Authors of papers accepted for publication
required to sign a Consent Form to this effect. It is the author's
responsibility to obtain written permission to reproduce material that has
appeared in another publication. Page proofs only will be sent to the
corresponding author and should be returned to the Publishers within three
days. Strict adherence to the above instructions will facilitate
consideration of papers.
Please consult recent issues of
Physical Geography, or our website (www.bellpub.com/phg), for more complete
information on formatting.
Physical Geography Style
Examples
Title Page:
[TITLE] -- ROMAN, CENTERED, ALL
CAPS
[Author] -- Italicized,
Centered, Upper- and Lowercase; "and" Is Not Italicized
[Author's Address] --
Boldface, Centered, Upper- and Lowercase, State Is Not Abbreviated
(List authors vertically, do not
place authors side by side unless they are at the same institution)
Samples (2 authors):
| APPARENT
THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY IN SOIL: ESTIMATION FROM THERMAL RECORDS AND
SUGGESTIONS FOR NUMERICAL MODELING |
| Deliang
Chen and Johan Kling |
Department
of Physical Geography
Earth Sciences Centre
Göteborg University
413 81 Göteborg
Sweden |
| EVIDENCE OF
LATE QUATERNARY ENVIRONMENTS IN NORTHWESTERN GEORGIA FROM SEDIMENTS
PRESERVED IN RED SPIDER CAVE |
| George A.
Brook |
Department
of Geography
University of Georgia
Athens, Georgia 30602 |
| Rudy J.
Nickmann |
112 Ford
Road
Landing, New Jersey 07850 |
Abstract:
"Abstract:" -- italicized,
indented, initial cap; the rest of the abstract is double indented
[Key words: . . . . ] -- The key words in the article should be placed in
brackets at the end of the abstract
Sample:
Abstract:
Soil denudation studies in urban environments are infrequent in the
geomorphic literature. Here we describe the amount of soil erosion
associated with pedestrian and bicycle pathways on an American university
campus. The amount of soil denudation from 30 pedestrian/bicycle paths on
the campus of the University of North Carolina was determined by
morphometric measurements. Volumes denuded ranged from nearly 20 m3
to <0.2 m3 per site. Highest amounts were located at sites
adjacent to a football stadium. Three types of paths were recognized, based
on their utilization: paths running adjacent to existing sidewalks, paths
cutting across lawns and through shrubbery from one sidewalk to another, and
paths formed by bicycles in order to avoid going up or down steps. [Key
words: path erosion, soil erosion, North Carolina.]
INTRODUCTION
Recently, human impacts on the
environment generally have been examined in the context of global
environmental changes . . . .
Headings:
#1 -- ROMAN, CENTERED, ALL CAPS
#2 -- Italicized, Left
Justified, Upper- and Lowercase
#3 -- Italicized, indented,
initial cap only, followed by a period. Followed by the rest of the
paragraph.
Running Heads:
[AUTHOR NAME(S)] -- roman,
centered, all caps, listed on even page numbers
Full name for 1 author
Last names only for 2 authors
Last name of first author followed by "et al." for 3 or more
authors
[TITLE ABBREVIATION] -- roman, centered, all caps, listed on odd page numbers
[Page numbers] -- roman, bottom center for first page, top left for even
pages, top right for odd pages
Sample:
| 416 |
J. SCOTT GREENE |
SUMMERTIME PRECIPITATION |
417 |
| 428 |
CHEN AND KLING |
THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY IN SOIL |
429 |
| 220 |
EVANS ET AL |
SAND PINE IN FLORIDA |
221 |
Text:
Reference citations -- list by
year (oldest to newest), then alphabetically; if there are 3 or more authors
in a reference, then use only the first author's name with "et al."; make sure
that all citations have a corresponding reference listed at the end of the
article; only use page numbers for direct quotes; spell out "and"; use a comma
between author and date; do not use the word "see" before citations (e.g.,
Townsend and Butler, 1996, p. 255)
Table and figure citations --
write the table or figure number in the right margin the first time that it is
mentioned; use the abbreviation when citing the figure (e.g., Fig. 1, Table 1,
etc.)
Prefixes —- "anti-," "mid-,"
"post-," and "pre-" are generally hyphenated; most others are not hyphenated
unless they can be misread (e.g., "sub," "multi," "counter," "under," "non")
Hyphens — "African American"
should not be hyphenated, even when used as an adjective
Abbreviations — states should be
spelled out when written in the text (abbreviate when they are within
parentheses); "versus" should be spelled out in the text (abbreviate when it
is within parentheses); U.S. and U.K. should be spelled out in text; use
"e.g." rather than "for example" and "i.e." rather than "that is"
Semicolons — semicolons should
only be used when separating complete sentences or groups that include commas
Lists — within paragraphs: use
"(1), (2), (3), etc."; full paragraphs: use the same type of numbering
Capitalization — when "Black" and
"White" are used as a racial group they should be capitalized; capitalize both
words in a title if they are hyphenated (e.g, "Re-Presenting"); lowercase all
prepositions regardless of length (e.g., in, of, under, at from, by, etc.);
"State" should be capitalized if referring to the government (e.g., the State
of Louisiana); "Western" should be capitalized when it is referring to the
geographical region (e.g., Western-style shopping malls)
Commas — use commas for numbers
with 5 or more digits (e.g., 61,270)
Numbers — should be spelled out
if under "10"; use figures for all numbers 10 and over, or if the number is
under 10 but grouped with numbers 10 and above (e.g., 5 of the 15 cities); use
numbers in parentheses for a series within a paragraph, as well as a series of
paragraphs (e.g., This paper makes three main points: (1)_____, (2)_____, and
(3)_____); use percent symbols when used with numerals (e.g., 75%)
Tables:
"Table 1. [Table Title]" --
Period after table number; [Table Numbers] are bold, [Table Title] is roman,
the whole line is centered with upper- and lowercase letters
Use two horizontal lines under the
table title, one horizontal line below column heads
Column headings -- roman,
centered, cap on first word only
Row headings -- roman, left
justified, cap on first word only
Spell out all abbreviations that
will fit into the table
n.a. = not available -- roman,
with periods, lowercase
Notes at bottom of table
Table notes -- use letters to
indicate notes (not numbers because they may be confused with the article's
endnotes); list each letter on its own line
Sample:
Table 4. Comparison of Sand
Pine Foliar Tissue Concentrations (ppm) with Three Independent Estimates of
Foliar Tissue Concentrations for Other Southern Pines
| Element |
Sand pine (n
= 80) |
Loblolly pinea
(n = 10) |
20-year-old
loblolly pineb |
Slash pinec |
|
| Ca |
3413.7 ± 1578.1 |
2565.5 ± 41.7 |
1600 |
800-1200 |
| K |
2760.2 ± 2226.5 |
5778.0 ± 123.5 |
6000 |
2500-3000 |
| Mg |
1414.4 ± 334.8 |
921.5 ± 20.0 |
1000 |
400-600 |
| P |
848.9 ± 205.3 |
1094.2 ± 15.4 |
1100 |
850-900 |
|
aValues are from tissue
analysis on 10 replicates from the same individual of loblolly pine, harvested
on the University of Georgia campus in Athens.
bValues are from a 20-year-old loblolly pine plantation (from Switzer
and Nelson, 1972; standard deviations were not published).
cValues are from Pritchett and Fisher (1978, p. 337).
Figures:
"Fig. 1." [figure caption].
-- indented under figure, bold, upper and lowercase, abbreviate "Figure,"
after the figure caption use a period
Sample:
Fig. 4. A
cross-lawn path with sediment visibly collecting on the stormwater grating.
Acknowledgments:
"Acknowledgments:" --
italicized, indented, initial cap only, followed by a colon
acknowledgments should be listed at the end of the text, but before the
bibliography
Samples:
Acknowledgments: The
authors sincerely appreciate the efforts of Randy Schaetzl and an anonymous
reviewer in improving this manuscript.
References:
"REFERENCES" -- centered, roman,
uppercase
Make sure that all references are cited in the text, if not, query the author
to delete them
Use last names and initials only, do not spell out the first or middle names
for consistency
Always use the state and country (as well as the city)
If all authors are identical, sort them by date; but, if only the first author
is the same, sort them alphabetically
A single author always goes before multiple authors with the same main author
Samples:
Journal Publication
Basher, R. E. and Thompson, C. S.
(1996) Relationship of air temperatures in New Zealand to regional anomalies
in sea-surface temperature and atmospheric circulation. International
Journal of Climatology, Vol. 16, 405-425.
Books
Cayan, D. R. and Webb, R. H.
(1992) El Niño/southern oscillation and streamflow in the western United
States. In H. F. Diaz and V. Markgraf, eds., El Niño - Historical and
Paleoclimatic Aspects of the Southern Oscillation. Cambridge, UK:
Cambridge University Press, [pp].
Soil Survey Division Staff
(1994) Keys to Soil Taxonomy. Washington, DC: U.S. Government
Printing Office.
Unpublished Dissertation or Theses
Bowden, D. T. (1994) Application
of a Snowpack Run-Off Model to the Lake Pukaki Basin, Mt. Cook. Unpublished
master's thesis, Department of Geography, University of Canterbury,
Christchurch, New Zealand.
Submitted for Publication
Mignogna, R. and Glover, F.
(1994) Further investigations into an improved LP-based model for
discriminant analysis and pattern classification. Manuscript submitted to
Decision Science (June).
Paper Presented at a Meeting
Anderton, P. W. (1974) Estimation
of snow storage and melt in the catchment of Lake Pukaki. Unpublished paper
presented at the New Zealand Hydrological Scoiety Symposium, Otago
University, Dunedin, New Zealand.
Bulletins
Pilgrim, S. A. L. and Harter, R. D.
(1977) Spodic Horizon Characteristics of Some Forest Soils in the White
Mountains, New Hampshire. Durham, NH: New Hampshire Agricultural
Experiment Station, Bulletin 507.
Government Reports
Carlisle, V. W., Collins, M. E.,
Sodek, F., and Hammond, L. C. (1985) Characterization Data for Selected
Florida Soils. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Institute of Food
and Agricultural Sciences, Soil Science Department, Soil Science Research
Report No. 85-1.
Soil Survey Staff (1975) Soil
Taxonomy: A Basic System of Classification for making and Interpreting Soil
Surveys. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, USDA SCS
Agricultural Handbook No. 436.
Internet Source
Nezu, R., 2000, E-commerce: A
revolution with power. Retrieved December 15, 2001 from the Organization for
Economic Co-operation and Development Web site at http://www.oecd.org/subject/growth/speech_nezy_final.pdf
For additional guidance on any
matters not specifically addressed in the above listed instructions and
examples, please consult Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition.
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